| Post-treatment types | Environmental & Public Health Risks/Regulations | Engineering | Energy & Greenhouse Gas Issue | Economics, Finance & Social Issues |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Description | (environmental impacts, permitting, mitigation) | (technology and performance) | (power needs and carbon footprint) | (benefits and costs, rates, PUC issues, TBL) |
| Source Water Quality (e.g. Salinity, Temperature, Pollutants) | Primary concerns stem from chemical conditioning of the source water and the disposal of process residuals. | The extent of pretreatment needed for membrane desalination is largely determined by source water quality. | Energy use associated with pretreatment depends on the source water quality and the type of pretreatment process used. | Effective pretreatment can reduce membrane fouling and prevent process complications, thereby reducing operating costs. |
| Membrane Fouling (e.g. Scaling and Particulate, Biological and Organic Fouling) | Appropriate pretreatment can prevent fouling, optimize membrane performance and extend membrane life. |
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